Sensory Processing Sensitivity in Adult Dental Patients and Its Relation to Perceived Stress, Cortisol, and Serotonin Secretion

Dental visits can be anxiety-inducing for many adults, but for some, the experience is magnified by a trait known as sensory processing sensitivity (SPS). This heightened sensitivity affects how individuals perceive, process, and respond to sensory stimuli—such as dental sounds, sights, or touch—resulting in amplified stress reactions with both psychological and physiological implications.

Understanding how SPS influences perceived stress and the secretion of stress-related hormones like cortisol and serotonin can help dental professionals tailor care to improve patient experiences. In this article, we delve into the critical relationship between sensory processing sensitivity in adult dental patients and its effects on stress and hormone regulation, drawing insights from research in the field of nature and human biology.

What Is Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS)?

Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a personality trait characterized by deeper cognitive processing of sensory input and heightened emotional reactivity. People with SPS often notice subtle changes in their environment and may feel overwhelmed by high levels of sensory stimulation, such as bright lights, loud noises, or tactile sensations.

Key Features of SPS Include:

• Heightened awareness and response to sensory stimuli
• Strong emotional reactions and deep empathy
• Greater susceptibility to stress in stimulating environments

In dental settings, patients with high SPS may experience greater discomfort and stress than others, contributing to avoidance or negative attitudes toward dental care.

Linking SPS to Perceived Stress During Dental Treatments

Perceived stress refers to a person’s subjective evaluation of stressful experiences, which varies widely among individuals. For adult dental patients with SPS, routine procedures—such as cleanings, cavity fillings, or even waiting in the dental chair—can feel overwhelming, triggering elevated stress responses.

Clinical studies indicate that such patients tend to report higher anxiety levels, increased discomfort, and a greater sense of helplessness during dental visits compared to those with lower sensitivity levels. Their brains process sensory stimuli more intensely, potentially leading to a cycle of heightened fear and stress.

Common Stress Triggers for Highly Sensitive Dental Patients:

• Sound of dental drills and suction
• Bright or fluorescent lighting
• The tactile sensation of dental instruments
• The clinical environment’s smells and sights

The Role of Cortisol and Serotonin in SPS and Stress Regulation

Two critical biochemicals involved in the body’s stress response are cortisol and serotonin. Their secretion levels can be influenced by sensory input and perceived stress, especially in SPS individuals.

Cortisol: The Stress Hormone

Cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, is the primary hormone released during stress. Elevated cortisol levels help the body respond to immediate threats but can have negative health impacts when chronically high, including:

• Increased anxiety
• Weakened immune function
• Disrupted sleep
• Increased inflammation

Serotonin: The Mood and Anxiety Modulator

Serotonin plays a crucial role in regulating mood, anxiety, and overall emotional well-being. Lower serotonin secretion has been linked to heightened susceptibility to stress and negative emotional responses, traits often seen in individuals with high SPS.

Empirical Findings: Cortisol and Serotonin Levels in SPS Dental Patients

Recent research published in Nature highlights how adult dental patients with high sensory processing sensitivity tend to exhibit:

• Elevated cortisol levels before and during dental procedures, indicative of increased physiological stress
• Lower serotonin secretion,

• A complex interplay between these hormones that may exacerbate negative dental experiences

Benefits of Understanding SPS in Dental Practice

Recognizing the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity, perceived stress, and hormonal responses enables dental professionals to provide better, more personalized patient care. Benefits include:

• Improved patient comfort: Customizing environmental stimuli (lighting, sound) reduces sensory overload.
• Reduced anxiety: Implementing calming techniques to lower cortisol levels and enhance serotonin balance.
• Better patient compliance: Positive experiences encourage regular dental visits and proactive oral care.

Practical Tips for Managing SPS and Stress in Adult Dental Patients

Dental practitioners and patients together can adopt strategies to minimize the impact of SPS-related stress during treatment.

For Dental Professionals:

• Create a soothing environment: Use softer lighting, minimize loud noises, and offer noise-canceling headphones.
• Communicate clearly and empathetically: Explain procedures step-by-step and reassure patients throughout.
• Allow breaks during treatments: Give patients time to regain composure and reduce sensory overload.
• Use calming scents: Aromatherapy with lavender or chamomile can promote relaxation.

For Adult Dental Patients with SPS:

• Practice relaxation techniques: Deep breathing, mindfulness, or meditation before and during visits.
• Discuss sensitivity concerns openly with your dentist for customized care plans.
• Schedule appointments during less busy times to avoid crowded and noisy waiting areas.
• Consider natural supplements or therapies supporting serotonin balance—but consult with healthcare providers first.

Case Study: Improving Dental Experience Through SPS Awareness

Background: Jane, a 35-year-old with high sensory processing sensitivity, reported intense anxiety and physiological stress during dental procedures. Her perceived stress was exacerbated by bright clinic lights and drilling sounds.

Intervention: The dental team introduced noise-canceling headphones with calming music, dimmed lighting in the treatment room, and practiced slow, transparent communication. Jane also learned controlled breathing exercises.

Outcome: Jane’s cortisol levels measured before visits dropped significantly after the intervention. Her serotonin markers improved, correlating with reduced anxiety and a more positive attitude toward dental care.

Conclusion

Sensory processing sensitivity significantly influences how adult dental patients perceive stress and regulate hormones such as cortisol and serotonin during dental visits. This heightened sensitivity can lead to increased anxiety and avoidance behaviors if unaddressed.

By understanding SPS and its biological correlates, dental professionals can adopt patient-centered strategies to mitigate stress and create more comfortable, supportive environments. For patients, awareness and proactive coping techniques enrich their dental care journey and promote better oral health outcomes.

If you identify as a highly sensitive individual or treat patients with SPS, integrating these insights into your dental practice can transform stressful dental experiences into manageable, even positive ones.